Urdu 
English 
Welsh 
Hindi 
Bengali 
Gujarati 
Panjabi 
Tamil 
Arabic 
French 
Spanish 
German 
Polish 
Estonian 
Ukrainian 
Hebrew 
Chinese 
Nepali 
ہم کیسے جان سکتے ہیں کہ ویکسین محفوظ ہے؟
How are vaccines created?
Like any new medicine, vaccines are developed and tested in clinical trials. These trials comprise different stages to find out if they work and if they are safe to use in people. The clinical development of a vaccine takes place in four stages called phases. Safety monitoring takes place in all phases, including after a vaccine has been approved for use in people.
The principle is to start small and only move to the next stage of testing if there are no outstanding safety concerns.
Assessing vaccine safety
فیز 1
صحت مند افراد کے ایک چھوٹے سے گروپ (<100) کو حفاظتی خدشات کو یقینی بنانے کے ل the یہ ویکسین دی جاتی ہے ، یہ دیکھنے کے لئے کہ یہ مدافعتی ردعمل کو کس حد تک بہتر بناتا ہے اور مؤثر خوراک استعمال کرنے کے لئے۔
فیز 2
The vaccine is tested in a larger group (several hundred people) to see whether the vaccine works consistently, to assess the immune response and to look for side effects and adverse events.
فیز 3
The vaccine is studied on a much larger scale (several thousand people) under natural disease conditions. This produces enough data to identify rare side effects and adverse events and to evaluate how well the vaccine works in the real world; does it generate enough immunity to prevent and reduce disease?
Licensing
Between phases 3 and 4 manufacturers apply for a license from regulators so that their vaccine can be marketed for human use. Experts review all the data to see whether the vaccine works to the standards required for both safety and its efficacy in reducing disease.
فیز 4
Phase 4 clinical trials happen after regulatory approval has been achieved. This phase involves thousands of participants and can last for many years. Investigators use this phase to get more information about the medication’s long-term safety, effectiveness, and any other benefits. The phase 4 trial is also referred to as “post marketing surveillance” and as the name suggests, it is conducted after the drug is already marketed and available to the general public.
0 মন্তব্য